Key Budget Factor for a Construction Company

Key Budget Factor for a Construction Company Master Science in Facilities Management Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying University technology MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia ____________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Construction companies generally have a variety of objectives designed to maintain and succeed in their business. They will also do a lot of effort to maximize profits for their companies but with minimum capital.Some companies are concerned about how management including budget management because from there they can manage their company's financial success and further profit. This paper will be discussed about the key factor for a construction company in Malaysia. The purpose of this discussion is to find out the key factors that should be considered in budget management by construction companies throughout Malaysia. Keyword: Construction Company, key budget factor, Malaysia ______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 1. IntroductionBudget is very comprehensive; it is a formal plan that estimates the likely revenues and expenses for a company in a particular period. Budget preparation explains the whole process and use the budget more effectively. Budget management is very important especially for construction companies to ensure that projects run smoothly implemented in line with the company's capital. According to Chan and Chan (2004), the construction industry is dynamic in nature and its environment has become more dynamic due to increasing uncertainties in technology, budgets and development process.Besides that, according to Churchill (1997) accentuates the fact that businesses must understand the pressure to grow so that they can plan and prepare for it, choose the right timing for expected major changes in size and control the speed of growth. 2. Key Budget Factor for a Construction company throughout Malaysia The budget is used in construction work to determine the amount of liquid cash that will be required over the various periods of a contract, as a measurement against which actual progress can be measured.The budget is a financial forecast and important tool of management, in as much as trading position of a construction company can be establish by having budgets for all of the work on hand. According to FOA Corporate (1997), key budget factor also known as principal budget factor or limiting budget factor and is the factor which will limit the activities of an undertaking. This limits output such as sales, material or labour. Among the key factors for the company's construction budget is as follows: i. Sales budgetThis involves a realistic sales forecast. This is prepared in units of each product and also in sales value. Methods of sales forecasting include sales force opinions, market research, and statistical methods (correlation analysis and examination of trends) mathematical models. Sales budget includes company's pricing policy, general economic and political conditions, changes in the population, competition, consumers' income and tastes, advertising and other sales promotion techniques, after sales service, and credit terms offered. i. Production budget Expressed in quantitative terms only and is geared to the sales budget. The production manager's duties include two things which are analysis of plant utilization and work-in-progress budgets. If requirements exceed capacity the production manager may subcontract, plan for overtime, introduce shift work, hire or buy additional machinery and the materials purchases budget's both quantitative and financial. iii. Raw materials and purchasing budgetThis factor includes the materials usage budget is in quantities and the materials purchases budget is both quantitative and financial. Factors influencing included production requirements, planning stock levels, storage space, and trends of material prices. iv. Labour budget: Labo ur budget is both quantitative and financial. This is influenced by production requirements, man-hours available, grades of labour required, wage rates (union agreements), and the need for incentives. v. Cash budget A cash plan is to defined period of time.It cans summaries monthly receipts and payments. Besides that, it highlights monthly surpluses and deficits of actual cash. Its main uses are to maintain control over a firm's cash requirements such as stock and debtors, to enable a firm to take precautionary measures and arrange in advance for investment and loan facilities whenever cash surpluses or deficits arises, to show the feasibility of management's plans in cash terms, to illustrate the financial impact of changes in management policy, e. . change of credit terms offered to customers. REFERENCE 1. Agriculture and consumer Protection by FAO CORPORATE DOCUMENT REPOSITORY 2. Chan APC, Chan APL (2004). Key performance indicators for measuring construction success, Benchmark. Int. J. , 11(2): 203-221. 3. Churchill CF (1997). Managing Growth: The Organizational Architecture of Microfinance Institutions. ACCI on International. http://www. ebook-search-engine. com/organization-growth-ebook-all. html.

Family Essay

In a world of varying cultures and values for the elderly, there exists a principal notion about elderly homes that have spurred today. Oftentimes than not, the notion about elderly homes are of the negative and this stems from the fact that the elderly homes serve as a constant reminder about something that most people fear—death and old age (Dickinson and Vasen, 2006). However, according to Dickinson and Vasen, there is a positive side to the elderly homes that most people do not see (2006). One of these may be attributed to the view that the elderly homes can be considered as a family in itself. In this family, there are parts that comprise the whole, cooperation is existent, and there are groups formed within the family as will be expounded in the body. The elderly homes are composed of several members that comprise the family. First, we have the group of nursing aides who cares for the elderly and they are the lifeblood of the family. Without the nursing aides, the elderly home will be like a tree without its roots. This is the group that serves the purpose of nurturing and giving utmost care and attention needed by the elderly living inside. Second, we have the group of elder persons who serves as the air that the elderly home breathes. They are the purpose why the home exists and without them, there should not have been an elderly home in the first place. Moreover, they are the center of attention in the home because of their decreased strength and special needs that have to be attended to. They are also at the center of activities in the elderly home such as in Christmas parties, gatherings, and others. Third, we have the administration that runs the elderly home. They manage the day-to-day affairs of the elderly home especially with regards to routine maintenance and those functions not covered by the nursing aides. Although they serve the elderly indirectly, they still form a vital role because they are the ones responsible for the proper functioning of the elderly home. Moreover, the administration is considered as the support system of the whole. In conclusion, it can be said that each is a part of the whole and each plays a role that whose purpose is to contribute to the family to which they are a member of. Moreover, there are relationships that are formed between these groups that form the bond between them as a family. It is all up to the members of this family to determine what type of family they would be. But certainly, it is not a negative one as most people tend to see them. Instead, it is a harmonious and vital institution of the society.

Main Legislation in the Early Years of Foundation Stage Essay

Main Legislation in the Early Years of Foundation Stage - Essay Example When parents decide to use early years services they are determined to know how the provisions will help in keeping their children safe and promote their growth. The Early Years Foundation Stage (EFYS, 2008) is the structure that gives this assurance. Definitions of stages of growth in childhood come from many sources. Several theorists like Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, Lev Vygotsky and Erik Erikson, provided ways of understanding development, various researches done lately have provided important information concerning the nature of development. In addition, stages of childhood are defined culturally by social institutions, customs, laws that constitute a society. For example, while professionals and researchers define the period of early childhood as birth to eight years of age, others in the United States consider the age of five years, because it corresponds with entry into cultural activities of formal schooling. The EYFS mission is to assist young children at the age five wi th every matter and to ensure that the children stay healthy and safe; they should also enjoy and make achievements. Making positive contribution and gaining monetary well-being through: Providing balanced opportunity, anti-discriminatory activities and guaranteeing that every child is included in the children profile, and not disadvantaged by culture or religion, ethnicity, culture, family status, home language, disabilities or learning difficulties, ability or gender. The setting of standards for learning, care and development of young children should be experienced when they are attending a setting outside their family home and making sure that there is uniformity in progress in children. Increasing consistency and quality in the early year’s sector can be achieved through a global set of standards that applies to all setting. This can be achieved by ending the differences between learning and care in the available frameworks and offering the foundation for regulation regi me and inspection. Creating structures for partnership through working collectively with parents and experts would determine the settings that children attend. Nevertheless, laying a protected foundation for future learning through development that is designed around the personal requirements and the interests of a child, using well-versed observational assessment is very vital in early foundation (Bowman Donavan and Susan, 2001). In context and legal responsibilities, the EYFS has played a crucial part in the ten-year childcare strategic choice for parents, which involves the best start for children and landmark childcare act 2006. The act gives a suitable framework for the delivery of EYFS and has taken together the other basics for strategy; the EYFS will be the centre for the delivery of new tasks aimed at reducing inequalities and improving results. Recently, there has been a significant improvement in the early years practice and standards, the EYFS developed this for practiti oners to realize the continuity with the principle and approaches to Curriculum Guidance for the Foundation Stage. Also, the birth to three matters foundation and the national standards for Less than 8 years Daycare and Child minding was a major concern. The EYFS has the mandate

A Person as the Property Speech or Presentation

A Person as the Property - Speech or Presentation Example According to the research study today, slavery today is illegal and is abolished by many countries around the world as they consider the act barbaric and overtaken by time. The international laws and treaties including domestic laws in the individual countries consider the trade illegitimate and recognize it as abuse of human rights. Slave trade has done more harm than good ultimately, a part from denying people their rights as enshrined in the constitutions, and it has also deprived the society of able population culminating into loss of artisanship and abject poverty in the zones.This essay stresses that  slavery started long time ago with several slave dealers scattered all over the world especially in Africa. The few rich dealers in slavery organized for the capturing of able-bodied people, which were then taken to the market for purchase by the merchants. Slaves were captured in a brutal exercise that left many people maimed and killed. The villages were deprived work force si nce there was extraction of those who could economically improve the status of the society. The slaves were then assembled in designated areas that were used as markets through which the prospective buyers met the sellers. After the purchase, slaves would be taken to diverse areas where demand was rife, for instance, others would be taken to US, Europe, Asia et cetera.  The sultanate that was based in Zanzibar abetted the trade and these made most of the population from the region to be taken to the Middle East as slaves.... The system of capturing slaves both in the Arabic world and in the rest of the world remained more or less the same. Most of the slaves that were captured by the Middle East traders though were largely drawn from Mediterranean, Turkic, and Persians (Marmon 113). This trend also spread to other parts of the world and reached African continent as a new area for acquisition of the slaves. Following the establishment of the Omani rule in Eastern, part of Africa became a factor that accelerated slavery in the region. The sultanate that was based in Zanzibar abetted the trade and these made most of the population from the region to be taken to the Middle East as slaves. The Portuguese and the Europeans who also had interest in the same region did not welcome the establishment of the rule along the East African coast led by the Arabs. Because of the trade related issues, there arose a commercial conflict between the two dominant groups, the Portuguese and the Arabs; this led to a series of wars that emerged between the rivaling groups owing to the control of slave trade along the East coast. It is estimated that by the time the slave trade was abolished, approximately 18 million Africans were transferred to the Middle East where they were placed under bondage (Marmon 124). Some of the prominent people that stood out due to slave trade from the Middle East were Tippu Tip. He was one of the most known slave dealer who transferred million of slaves a cross the Red sea, the Sahara desert, and the Indian Ocean (Pipes). History also reports that the Arabs also enslaved some of the Europeans and about 1 million in relation to this were captured and placed under bondage in the Arab world. With the

Workplacement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Workplacement - Research Paper Example This phase is seen as the initial step towards career development (Billett, 2009). Considering the fact that work placements provide an avenue for the learners' to get a sense of what they will be facing in the future absent the threat of dismissal or unemployment and with the added incentive of learning for education's sake, work placements appear to be mechanisms aimed at ascertaining the well-being of the students (Neill and Mulholland, 2003). 1.b. Aims of the Report This report aims to: illustrate how students who undertake work placements perform under a setting wherein they are able to put theory into practice show how work placement is able to provide the students with a sense of awareness of the existent culture in their chosen field provide the readers with a glimpse as to how work placement may be considered as a preliminary step in entering the world of work; and, discuss work placement from the point of view of a student undertaking such with concrete and in-depth views o n the matter as to its perceived benefits and possible detriments. 2.a. Researching the Report / The Evidence Base Researching the report has been a challenging task. A lot of works have been written about work placement and there have been several opinions available through the internet. Prior to my engagement, I have done research and read on work placement. I wanted to prepare myself as to what to expect during the conduct of the work placement and what I should bring in order to become an asset to the organization that I will become a part of. Garavan, Hogan and Cahir-O’Donnell (2003) considered learning as a process brought about by the development of a series of actions and events. That is, learning is not to be confused or considered as an outcome of these... Researching the report has been a challenging task. A lot of works have been written about work placement and there have been several opinions available through the internet. Prior to my engagement, I have done research and read on work placement. I wanted to prepare myself as to what to expect during the conduct of the work placement and what I should bring in order to become an asset to the organization that I will become a part of. Garavan, Hogan, and Cahir-O’Donnell (2003) considered learning as a process brought about by the development of a series of actions and events. That is, learning is not to be confused or considered as an outcome of these developments (Garavan, Hogan and Cahir-O’Donnell, 2003). Furthermore, Garavan, Hogan, and Cahir-O’Donnell (2003) maintained that as a process, learning encompasses the following principles: ï‚ § that learning is not just about knowledge as it also about values, beliefs, insights, attitudes, habits, feeling, shared awareness, shared understandings, and skills; ï‚ § that learning outcomes should not be construed as a singular momentous event but rather as an incremental and gradual transformation; ï‚ § that learning as a process is a struggle which necessarily entails conflicts often concerning aims and outcomes; ï‚ § that learning is essentially individual but may likewise be collective in instances where the experience is shared; ï‚ § that there is no singular pattern or behavior in learning; ï‚ § that in order to learn, skills such as questioning, listening, challenging and enquiring are necessary;

Various Mechanisms Used by the Nervous System to Guide Axonal Growth Essay

Various Mechanisms Used by the Nervous System to Guide Axonal Growth - Essay Example Congress 1990). The end of each growing axon is called a growth cone, and functions as a sensing device, interacting with molecules in the environment in order to reach the correct target (Schatten 2005; Bean 2012). The growth cones can be described as expanded â€Å"sensory-motile† tips of the growing axons that respond to various attractive and repulsive molecular signals in order to direct and guide axons to their synaptic targets (Myers & Gomez 2011, p. 13585). Thus, axonal growth is guided with the help of guidance cues in the environment. As the nervous system matures, about half the neurons die and only those that have grown properly and are connected to the available synaptic sites survive (U.S. Congress 1990). A study of the mechanisms behind axon guidance to the appropriate targets is necessary in order to better understand the development of the nervous system and to elucidate the formation of the neural network. Mechanisms Underlying Axonal Guidance The guidance of axonal growth is a result of interplay of four types of guidance forces, namely contact attraction, contact repulsion, chemoattraction and chemorepulsion (Tessier-Lavigne & Goodman 1996). ... At the leading end of the growth cone, actin is polymerized and then moved to the rear for depolymerisation (Bean 2012). This continuous cycling of polymerised actin from the leading end to the rear end and then back to the leading end leads to a â€Å"tank-tread† kind of movement that enables the guiding of the growth cone (Bean 2012). Santiago Ramon y Cajal first described the movement of growth cones in 1880 (Zheng 2000; Bean 2012). He described that growth cones move towards their synaptic targets in a circuitous route, thus providing evidence that growth cones themselves have an active role in the guidance process (Bean 2012). However, the first live microscopic observations of growth cones were not made until Ross Harrison developed modern tissue culture (Vitriol & Zheng 2012). Later on, Roger Sperry upon observing the optic nerve lesions of frogs showed that retinotectal axons could regenerate and find their targets, subsequently making precise synaptic connections (Bea n 2012). It thus became evident that specific surface markers exist and are used by growth cones for the recognition of targets. This was further demonstrated through studies on zebrafish, drosophila, grasshopper and chick, which showed that guidance of axon growth followed specific and similar pathways in different species, indicating that the mechanisms are conserved across species (Bean 2012). Studies by Gomez et al., Renaudin et al., and Robles and Gomez have shown that point contacts are formed by growth cones using various focal adhesion-related molecules like ?1-integrins, paxillin, FAK and vinculin (Myers & Gomez 2011). Extrinsic Environment-Related Mechanisms Apart from the intrinsic mechanism of growth cone movement, extrinsic

Critiques of Management Theories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critiques of Management Theories - Assignment Example This paper therefore gives an account of certain management theories by providing a detailed critique on each and how they affect organizational management. Additionally, the theories are going to be discussed in correspondence to the contributions of Frederick Taylor and Max Weber, and how they would have perceived each of these theories. Before getting into the main discussion of these management theories, foremost of all, Taylor’s and Weber’s contributions will thus be looked at briefly as discussed below. Frederick Taylor’s contributions to organizational management are considered very instrumental in changing the perceptions and approach to management. Taylor came up with what is known as scientific management. The theory is credited for the belief that it would improve the working environment by motivation employees through remuneration and maintaining that managers should concentrate on activities that promote worker’s cooperation. Weber on the othe r hand developed principles that came to be known as ideal bureaucracy which mostly insisted on the division of labor and specialization, positive relationship and competency as the key tools for effective management (Rainey, 2011). The Hawthorne Studies The Hawthorne studies were an analysis which was conducted between 1927 and 1932 at Western Electric’s Hawthorne Company in Cicero, Illinois. Several research teams engaged in the study including Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger from Harvard faculty members and William Dickson the head of Hawthorne’s employee relations research division. The study was focused on the effects of different levels of lighting on the productivity by controlling the lighting in the area in which the employees work. These were known as the physical and environmental influences of the workplace. The lighting or illumination studies also focused on the psychological aspects such as how lighting manipulates group pressure, leadership and team work. The employee’s group productivity was assessed and compared with that of another employee group whose lighting was left unaltered. The findings were that as illumination was increased in the experimental employee group, productivity also improved. This was suggested that it was due to the impact of the motivational effect on the workers as they were pleased by the attention from the researchers and as a result of the interests being shown in them during the study. Regardless of the experiment, one reasonable conclusion is that the productivity of the other group not exposed to lighting continued to increase considerably. The illumination studies after a while was therefore short-lived, but its evaluation effect is still practiced to date. These findings thus become the contributing factors to the strengths and weaknesses of the Hawthorne effect. The strength of this study is that it is surely a tool that gives a framework which can be used to increase the productivity o f workers within an organizational set-up through the motivation of workers, appreciating their work input and output, and maintaining quality working environments. This can be applied in today’s hospitals and healthcare systems, by improving the working conditions and work environments of medical staff and other personnel. Additionally, it enhances motivation on medical workers when consistent positive changes are made in the working environment, thereby enhancing work behavior and quality service delivery from hospitals and the health care systems. On the contrary, the weaknesses of the study are that as much as it

Over the next 30 years, what are the risks to National Security posed Essay - 2

Over the next 30 years, what are the risks to National Security posed by increased competition for energy and food resources; and what initiatives might Qatar pursue to reduce these risks - Essay Example Massive reliance on imports poses the risk of biological or chemical attack, or even intentional food contamination by international suppliers1. There is, therefore, a critical concern to national security when a country relies heavily on international supplies. Another key risk relates to price factors in both food and energy. Economic and political disturbances around the world spread shockwaves to the affected states. In such an event, Qatar and other GCC members would be on the receiving end. The influence of global states when it comes to prices could cripple domestic operations designed to enhance national security. In other words, food security that primarily depends on international trade comes with price-based risks2. Finally, the risk of terrorism will heighten as competition for food and energy increases. To reduce these risks, Qatar will need to secure her imports from around the world, as well as enhance food security at the domestic level3. Most importantly, initiatives to dismantle extremist groups and terrorists will play a fundamental role in reducing threats to national

The conflict between Israel and Palestine Essay Example for Free

The conflict between Israel and Palestine Essay The conflict between Israel and Palestine has already endured for almost a century. While the conflict may be simple to understand, it is nevertheless also very complex as the reasons for such conflict has centered mostly in the control of the territory surrounding the two parties and sadly though, the conflict has resulted to the destruction, revenge and animosity between them. Accordingly, the conflict is a result of the parties’ search for each own national identity and determination of both countries. The Israelis believe that the legal owners and successors of the land now known as Israel, while the Palestinians also believe that they are entitled to the land they call Palestine. Unfortunately though, both sides are claiming the same land and that they simply call the land with two different names. However, it is a fact that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has already instigated half a dozen regional wars in the past decades which in turn threatened access to critical petroleum resources. Moreover, the conflict has also provided justification for the increased militarization of almost all the region and has resulted in a large number of deaths among civilians from both sides. Background In the ancient times, the Jews called the land in dispute as Israel, Canaan, Judea, Samaria and many others. Christians and modern Jews believe that God gave this land to the ancient Jews. However, when the Romans occupied the area about 2000 years ago, suppressing many Jewish rebellions, killed thousands of Jews and forced many others to leave their homeland, an event which is called the Jewish Diaspora. Although some Jews still remained in the area, it was not until the 19th century and 20th century, specifically the end of the Holocaust and the Second World War did a large number of Jews return. When the Israelis returned, it eventually led to trouble since in the two thousand years after majority of the Jewish population was killed or forced to leave the area, Arab-speaking Muslims became the dominant group. Based on the records of the Ottoman Empire, in 1900, the population of Palestine was 600,000 of which 94 percent were Arabs. Although many Arabs were willing to sell their lands to the returning Jews, many of them still were viewing this as an event that would lead the Palestinians to become a minority in the land that they have now considered their own. The Ottoman Empire used to rule Arab world including Palestine or Israel, the West Bank of the Jordan river and the Gaza Strip. But after World War I, Palestine came under the control of the British who was primarily responsible for complicating matters in the growing conflict between the two camps as it made contradictory promises to the French, Arab and European Zionist leaders about how and by whom the area was to be governed. Not surprisingly thus, the commitments made by the British to the different camps led to a mounting tension among them. To make matters worse, the growing power of Adolf Hitler in Germany has led to the dramatic increase of Jewish immigrants and these prompted the Palestinians to fear that a Jewish homeland would be created at their expense. Thus, in the 1930s, the Palestinians staged a massive revolt, known as the Great Arab Revolt against the British. This revolt was particularly directed at the British and the Jews as a response to the British commission which split Palestine into two. After World War II, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 181 which called for the creation of two states: one Jewish and the other Arab within an already partitioned Palestine. The resolution gave proposed Jewish state 56 percent of the territory, including most of the fertile coastal area, although at this joint, the Jewish community owned only 6 to 8 percent of the total land and made up about a third of the population (Gerner). When the British evacuated Palestine in May 1948, Israel as well declared its independence and fighting immediately ensued after the UN passed Resolution 181. Although relatively small compared to the Palestinians, the Israeli-Zionist military forces were well-trained, well armed and well-organized. During the war, Israeli forces were able to destroy over 500 Palestinian villages and captured 78 percent of historic Palestine. By the end of the war, almost 70 percent of all Palestinians became refugees with only about 150,000 remaining in Israel. The Palestinian dislocation, dispossession and economic deprivation came to be known as the Palestinian nakba (catastrophe). Those that remained in Israel were under strict military regulation, faced restrictions in their economic activities and arrest for political reasons. This continued on for about twenty years until out of despair and conviction that the surrounding Arab countries would not be able to help them, the Palestinians undertook matters into their own hands. Palestinians began to initiate massive resistance from the Israelis. In Gaza, men and women engaged in an insurrection that began in 1968 and lasted for three years. In the West Bank, charitable organizations provided an organizational structure through which the Palestinians could undertake resistance activities (Gerner). In the 1970s, international awareness and support for the Palestinians grew. The Arab League for instance held a conference concluding that the Palestinian Liberation Organization headed by Yasser Arafat was the â€Å"sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people†. The United Nations also granted the PLO observer status in the organization. However, these eventful victories were little compared to what the Israelis were doing. In order to boost their stand and claim in the conflict, Palestinians began in 1987 a massive uprising and community-wide action against the Israelis who has occupied Palestine for a lengthy period already. Palestinians engaged in strikes and resistance such as stone throwing, creating barricades to immobilize Israeli forces, boycotts of Israeli products and other civil disobedience and disturbances. These in turn led to a huge number of Palestinian arrests and detention by Israeli military forces. Many civilians were deported given curfews and sealed off. Ideologies and Conflict: The issues which have been responsible for the long conflict between the two communities have not changed at all and have remained constant ever since. Among them are: Borders for each community: In the absence of a fixed and agreed boundary for both parties, the conflict between Israel, Palestine and the other Arab nations claiming for strips of territory would not cease at all. Refugees and their right to return to Palestine. As many of the Palestinians were displaced and disposed, UN Resolution stating that â€Å"The refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbors should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date†¦compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return†Ã‚   passed in December 1948   has never been implemented. Settlers and Settlements: Vague political, civil and national status of almost 400,000 Jewish Israelis currently living on occupied land within the West Bank and the Gaza Strip as well as the political, civil and national status of Palestinians currently living in Israel. Allocation of natural resources such as water among the region. Security for all states and people in the region notwithstanding the ethnicity. Economic access and viability of both regions. Intervention of the international community to address the issues at hand. Proposals and Management to End the Conflict Ever since the start of the twentieth century, efforts were already instituted by various countries and entities to settle the dispute between the Israelis and the Palestinians. The United Nations, as a response to its vote to divide Palestine has created the United Nations Relief and Works Agency in order to take care of Palestinian refugees. It has also sent mediators to intercede through the years as well as passing more than a dozen of resolutions. These resolutions were made in order to call out cease fires, suggest approaches to resolve the conflict and condemned aggressive tactics and actions by each party. The United States on the other hand, has tried to lead in the management of the conflict although its efforts have been hindered because of its close relationship with Israel. For instance, the United States negotiated an agreement between the Israeli and Palestinian leaderships in Oslo, Norway. The Oslo Accords were intended as a framework to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. But the terms were so heavily weighted in Israel’s favor that the Agreements enabled Israel to consolidate its control over the West Bank and Gaza under the banner of the â€Å"peace process† (Susskind). Ramifications of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has now lasted for more than century and is still continuing. The efforts made to stop the conflict such as the British partition of Palestine 1948 and its commitment to give area to each party has only made matters worse. Although Israel is admittedly superior in terms of its military capabilities and has the support of the United States, one of the most powerful countries in the world, it has however failed to stop Palestinian nationalism. On the other hand, Palestine has also not achieved in advancing their cause despite having the support of other Arab nations in the region as well as the members of the United Nations. Both of these communities are at a loss and finding a solution to the conflict is still far from reality. The area in dispute holds a great significance and importance to the whole international community despite its small territory and resources. It is the seat of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, major religions of the world. Failure to resolve this conflict would result to larger consequences. For instance, the failure of the United States to resolve the conflict has undermined its capability as a world leader while the failure United Nations has indicated its inability to assert its power and prerogative.

The data protection act Essay Example for Free

The data protection act Essay When the modem is switched on, it sends out an ASCII character known as DC 1. This is the transmit enable code and is decimal 17 or 11 hex. This code is received by the computer, which knows that it is able to commence transmitting data to the modem. This is the XON condition. If there is incoming traffic, the modem sends out an ASCII DC3 character. This is the XOFF condition and is 19 in decimal (13 in hex). The computer receives this code and stops transmitting data Note:   This method is be used with a serial printer. It sends out an XOFF code when its intemal buffer is full. As it prints, it reduces the amount of characters in its buffer. When the buffer has sufficient space, it sends out a DC 1 code to the computer, which resumes the transmission of data to the printer.   The ASCII codes DC 1 and DC3 stand for Device Control 1 and Device Control 3.   This method can transmit and receive text files, since the printable ASCII set ranges from 32 to I ~ Binary files (i. e. containing machine code) contain a full range of possible numeric values. This would include the values for the DC 1 and DC3 signals, which means that XON/XOFF is not suitable for transmitting and receiving binary files. RS232 Pins A summary of the uses of the main pins on a computers serial port is shown in the following table.   DTR Data Terminal ready The computer informs the modem that it is powered up and ready to be active, by switching this pin to an ON state. Most modems require to receive this signal before they will operate   DSR (Data Set Ready) The modem informs the computer that it is powered up and ready to be active, by switching this pin to an ON state. Most computer ports require this signal before they will operate CTS (Clear to Send) The modem informs the computer that it is able to accept data for transmission, by switching this pin to an ON state. The computer will not send out data while this pin is OFF   RTS (Ready to Send) The computer informs the modem that it wishes to give it data for transmission, by switching by switching this pin to an ON state The modem responds by switching its CTS line ON unless its memory buffer is full, or it is receiving incoming data.   TXD (Transmit Data) Carries the data from the computer to the modems RXD pin, to transmit data. Carries the data from the modem to the computers RXD pin, to receive data.   RXD (Receive Data) Receives the data from the modems TXD pin, to receive incoming data. Or Receives the data from the computers TXD pin, to send outgoing data.   DCD Data Carrier detect Used by the computer to determine whether the modem has an incoming carrier (i. e. whether the line is idle or not). Some communications packages must detect a DCD signal before they will carry on. This signal can be brought from the modem or can be provided locally by a wraparound. This connects the computers DCD pin to the computers DTR pin to simulate an idle condition.   RI (Ring Indicator) This pin could be used by an auto-answer modem. Its value is raised high when the phone rings. The modem informs the DTE via this change in the RI line and the DTE responds by setting its DTR line high. The modem then answers the call and data is passed from the telephone line to the DTE. * SG (Signal Ground) This pin is used as the reference for all other signal voltages. So, if a pin swings +15 it means that the pin is a 15 volts higher than the voltage on SG. This pin should not be confused with electric earth or Frame Ground (FG). Error Detection Modem communication over the normal telephone network is always prone to losses due to poor line conditions. As transmission rates become faster, the losses are increased. If an interference pulse occurred on a line a 28,800bps system, the transmission would be affected 24 times more badly than a 1,200bps system, since 24 times more data will have been transferred during that time. Serious attention needs to be paid to detecting and correcting such errors. The parity bit system described earlier is only a rudimentary check and only applies to ASCII files. Since most files are not plain ASCII, they will require to use all eight bits of the byte and there will be no parity bit. CRC Checking Data is transmitted in blocks or packets with a checksum created using the CRC (Cyclic Redundancy) method. When the data is compiled into a block prior to transmission, a mathematical formula using polynomial codes) is applied to the data to produce a check number that is unique to the data in the block. These check digits are then transmitted along with the data. The receiver stores the incoming block of data in a buffer for examination. The same formula is applied to the data in the buffer d it should produce the same answer as that stored in the check bytes. If the computed CRC figure accords with the stored CRC figure, the data in the buffer is fit to be passed on and an ACK signal is returned to the transmitting end to acknowledge the receipt of a block in good condition. If there has been any corruption of the data in the block, or even any corruption of the check bytes, then the formula produce answers that do not match. In this case, the device will request that the block of data be retransmitted This is done by returning a NAK signal to the transmitting end. A number of different block transmission techniques and error detection methods are in common use they are referred to as File Transfer Protocols and include: XModem XModem sends a 128 byte block of data plus one checksum byte constituted from the sum of all the ASCII codes the block. It then waits for an acknowledgement that it has been received. The waiting time reduces the average data transfer average. All errors are given ten retries before abandoning the file transfer. It also has a ten-second timeout; it sends a NAK signal if has not received any incoming signal after a ten second wait. A variation known as Xmodem/CRC sends the same 128 byte block but sends two CRC bytes. This increases the redundant bytes to be transmitted but it improves the reliability of the system and is used in preference to Xmodem where it is available. Kermit Kermit is a long established system used with mini-computers and mainframes as well as PCs. It also uses a 128 block and it provides a header with control information. Although it is widely available and reliable, it is a slow method. It is probably best used with noisy lines. Ymodem This method still uses 128 byte chunks but it sends eight of these chunks before sending a two-byte CRC code that covers the entire 1024 data bytes. The method also pads out the data block until it is exactly 1024 bytes. This is fast since most of the transmission is made up of real data and there is only two bytes of redundant information. However, on a noisy line, corruption of a single bit results in the entire 1024+2 bytes being re-sent. YModem is faster than XModem on good lines but worse on noisy lines. It also allows multiple files to be transferred in the one operation. The user selects the group of files to be transferred and the system sends them all during the one long operation. This is sometimes referred to as Ymodem/Batch. Zmodem The above systems send their block and then wait for an ACK or a NAK from the receiving end before sending another block. They are working in half-duplex mode, resulting in wasted waiting time. Many modem methods do not wait for a response between sending blocks. Using a full duplex system, it is still able to receive the ACKs and NAKs when they arrive but further transmissions can be undertaken in the meantime. When an ACK arrives it knows that a particular block has been received successfully, while an incoming NAK indicates an unsuccessful transmission of a block. The system keeps track by using a windowing system. Each outgoing packet is given a packet number along with the transmission. The incoming ACK or NAK will also have a packet number attached. In the event of a NAK the system knows which packet to re-transmit. The difference between the packet currently being sent and the most recent incoming ACK or NAK is known as the window. Since a single byte can contain 256 different numbers, there is a limit to the range of available packet numbers and older numbers are reused after they have accomplished a successful transmission. This means that the window covers a small range of the available numbers and is always changing. This gives the name sliding windows protocol; it is also implemented in the Sliding Windows Kermit and Xmodem systems. Xmodem, Ymodem and Kermit are used at speeds below 96,00bps. V42 is used at higher speeds and is implement in a ROM chip in the modem. The V42 standard encompasses the MNP 4 proprietary standard developed by Microcom. It is likely that future extensions of the V42 standard will move away from MNP 4 in favour of LAP-M (Link Access Protocol for Modems) scheme as already recommended by CCITT. The MNP 5 standard combines the MNP 4 error correction facilities with data compression. Like MNP 4 it is most commonly implemented in hardware although some communication packages implement it in software. Standards. Created by CCITT, The International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee, working under the ITU (International Telecommunications Union) which is organised by the United Nations. These standards are divided into a number of groups, including:   V-series, dealing with telephone circuits   X-series, dealing with data networks 0-series, dealing with digital networks (digital exchanges, multiplexing, PCM, etc. )   I-series, dealing with ISDN (see later) V Standards There is a wide range of definitions and the most common ones are shown in the table. The V standards get their name from the first letter of the word vitesse, the French for speed although not all V standards are concerned with transmission rate. V24, for example, specifies the serial port standard and V42 and V42bis cover error correction. The bis added to a V number means that it is the second version of the standard. Dataflex, a large UK modem manufacturer, produces VFC models, also known V. Fast Class models, working at 28,800bps. These were introduced before the ratification of the V34 standard and there are some handshaking differences between their specifications. V. Fast modems can communicate with other VFC models at the top rate but with lA ~ ~t, ~k~1t lflO/ ~ V3 5 models, they can only communicate at 14,400 bps in about 10% of cases Modem Standards Specification Operation Circuit Max Bit Rate Modulation Technique Bell 103 Full Duplex Two Wire Switched 300 Frequency Shift Keying V. 21 Full Duplex Two Wire Switched 300 Bell 202 Half Duplex Two Wire Switched 1,200 Conditioned Lease 1,800 Bell 201 Half Duplex Two Wire Switched 2,400 V. 26ter Full Duplex Two Wire Switched 2,400 Bell 212 Full Duplex Two Wire Switched 1,200 Phase Shift Keying V. 22bis Full Duplex Two Wire Switched 2,400 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying V. 27 Full Duplex Four Wire Leased 4,800 Half Duplex Two Wire Switched 4,800 V. 29 Full Duplex Four Wire Leased 9,600 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Half Duplex Two Wire Switched 9,600 V. 32bis Full Duplex Two Wire Switched 14,400 V. 34 Full Duplex Two Wire Switched 28,800 Bell 103 Full Duplex Two Wire Switched 28,800 V. 42 V42bis Data Comp V90 56,600 Even Parity The sending device counts the number of one bits in the character to be Panty Bit transmitted. If the number of these data bits is even, as in the top diagram, the parity bit is set to zero. If the number of one bits is odd, as in the lower diagram, 1001 1 10 the parity bit is set to one. Thus the total number of ones in the byte will Parity Bit always be even, no matter how many ones are in the character being transmitted0100101 If any of the data bits or parity bits is accidentally altered during transmission, the receiving device can detect the problem by counting the number of bits. If the total is not an even number, there has been corruption of the data. This provides an elementary check for data errors. Odd Parity Here, the sending device counts the number of one bits in the byte to be transmitted. If the number of these data bits is even, as in the top diagram, the parity bit is set to one. If the number of one bits is already odd, as in the lower diagram, the parity bit is set to zero. In this way, the total number of ones1 in the group is always maintained at an odd value. Note Parity checking is a useful facility but it is not foolproof. For example, two bits in a byte both being altered from zero to one would produce a correct parity check although the data in the byte had been corrupted. In practice, larger blocks of data are examined for corruption (see section later on Error Detection).

CSR in the Fast Food Industry

CSR in the Fast Food Industry All organizations have different devinitions between CSR (corporate social responsibility Coporation), but significant similarity with them.  Mallen Baker on the definition of CSR is that as companies manage business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Consider the following example:   The companys two aspects of their activities.   1.  Quality control both in terms of people and processes (inner circle).   2.  Nature of much of its impact on society in various fields.   Other definitions   World Business Council for Sustainable Development in its publication Building Business Sense Lord Holme and Richard Watts, use the following definition.  Social responsibility is the continuing commitment of businesses to behave ethically and contribute to economic development, improving quality of life for employees and their families and local communities and society as a whole   In the same report was evidence of different ideas about what ought to be made from many different companies around the world.  Definitions as varied as COP on capacity building for sustainable livelihoods. It respects cultural differences and find business opportunities in the development of skills of workers, communities and governments of Ghana, on CSR in the company to give back to society from the Philippines.   On the other hand, the European Commission guarantees its rate on the two definitions in one: the concept that companies voluntarily decide to better society and cleaner environment, a concept that corporate social and environmental issues, to promote their business. In their interaction with stakeholders  voluntary basis.    When we checked back every one of them, they agreed that the definition is currently focused on the impact, as the economic base.  Some go farther than others, to predict how many companies operate a green light for the operation of their own influence on the topography, especially outside the home, help in achieving the goals of society as a whole.  There is a significant difference, when many entrepreneurs believe that their companies are ill-prepared to pursue social objectives of incubators and activists argue that society is not democratic authenticity to take such a role.  This is particularly the discussion will continue.   Introduction Mcdonads   1954, the supplier of machinery fifty-two seen milkshake diner in San Bernardino, Calif., and saw a huge new industry: fast food.  In what will be his golden years, showed Raymond Kroc, the founder and builder of the corporation McDonalds, The advance of industry, for example, no less capable than Henry Ford, who revolutionized the American restaurant industry rules magnificent production of hamburgers, French fries French and milkshakes.  Bought developing complex operating system and delivery, he assured that customers bought French fries in terms of Topeka to New York will be.  This consistency makes the brand of McDonalds, which defined the American fast-food restaurants.   McDonalds mission   McDonalds is a mission that is the preferred place for our clients, and inspiration to people who eat the joy of each client unsurpassed quality, service, cleanliness and value every time   We invite you to become part of this winning team and give you the opportunity to provide a family with the smiles grow on behalf of millions of people every day   Introduction KFC   The company was founded as Kentucky Fried Chicken, Colonel Harland Sanders founded in 1952, when the idea of KFC fried chicken dates back to 1930.  The Company has adopted an abbreviated form of his name, KFC, in 1991 [2].  Since April 2007 the company began with its original name Kentucky Fried Chicken again its signage, packaging and advertising in the U.S. through a new corporate rebranding, [3] [4] and the new restaurants will be transformed into a new logo and name while older stores will continue to use 1980  signs.  The company also uses the abbreviation KFC freely used in its advertising.  International company is still known as KFC.   Update on KFC   Analysis of the situation, we have analyzed the situation in the market that KFC faces in terms of company / product, competition and consumers.  We have presented our own ideas for which we have seen, placed trends or patterns.  Further, we must understand, a survey for students on the market.  We focused on the perception of health for consumers KFC, its products, competitors and competing products.  Then we have our first series of groups plan to investigate the projections should   CSR ANALYSIS Carol and models Sethi   Model of Carroll and Sethi the first models of social responsibility   With regard to Sethi (1975), Tri-State model the behavior of companies that he created are classified as social power.  The three countries conduct of companies based on:   Constraint) social   b) social responsibility   c) public awareness   Sethi The second condition requires companies to recognize the movements and, in response to the expectations of society.  The third assertion of claims that the company develops the competence to work effectively with stakeholders and specific action on their issues and concerns are growing.  Sethi also emphasized the cultural and temporal dependence of corporate responsibility and the importance of sound management and classification for easy measuring and evaluating progress.   Model-based Carroll Sethi (1979) model, which includes the following four categories of corporate responsibility in reducing the degree of importance is proposed:   a) To be economically viable;   b) legal to obey the law;   c) do what is moral and just and equitable without interference;   d) discretionary / philanthropic good corporate citizen.   In 1991, Carrolls model of CSR as a pyramid, and suggested that, although the mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, it allows the manager to see that with different types of linkages in constant fear of others.   CSR   Disclaimer   liability related to obey the laws and regulations   Civil rights: the rights and responsibilities of individuals and organizations   Criminal law: no special measures to break and the imposition of fines and / or imprisonment as punishment for the law   ethical responsibility   Behavior and actions planned or approved by the members of the organization and the community and society.   Standards, norms and expectations, which reproduce the interests of key stakeholders   economic responsibility   How much resources are allocated for the production of goods and services in the social   Do you think that consumers favor socially responsible companies, or are they more in love with the greatest profit of the company?   à ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Corporate social responsibility at McDonalds   McDonalds Value   Our values are represented in the QSC V.  For good quality services to customers.Do you have a clean environment, while the customer enjoys the meal.  The value of food does each customer smiling.   Values   We are customer satisfaction in the heart of what we do   We are committed to our employees   We believe in the McDonalds   We conduct our business ethically   We provide our communities   We grow our business profitable   We strive to constantly improve   Apply the model of CSR at McDonalds   This process shows that McDonalds made and its suppliers to continually improve our service to sustainable development. We have dozens of green laboratory , which is in development and testing of environmental innovation, to share in the society and the scale where it makes sense  said Bob Langert, vice president of corporate social responsibility. At the same time to take our suppliers ingenuity to help us, our vision of a global sustainable supply chain development best practice in everything from employee well-being, climate change and energy for animals. All of these events  very good for our business and the world in which we operate.    The best examples of sustainable supply chain include:   Taming the wind: In the UK, supplier of McDonalds McCain Food turbines storm in a French fry plant to supply up to 60 percent of annual electricity consumption in the operation of the facility per year, reducing emissions 10.000 tonnes of CO2 in 2009.  If the plant does not work, the world power in the national network for sale.   The energy of potatoes: In Austria, a provider of McDonalds, and fresh frozen solid by-product of potato and turn it into gas, and the remainder of the process for farmers who use them delivered as a natural fertilizer.  The plant produces about 6 GWh of energy per year, and 2000 homes with electricity and saves 30 percent of electricity on the spot.   CSR KFC   Researchers Colonel   make KFC Colonel Scholars Program  © is to visit for high school graduates to consumption, strong endurance, financial needs and the upper stage at an accredited educational institution in the country and live where they want.   KFC Colonel Scholars program is designed for you to succeed your dreams and aspirations, and perseverance.  This program is for seniors who visit the state schools are represented in the state or university.  Students who meet the criteria can apply online to become a KFC Colonel Scholar.  Students for this scholarship are selected to participate receive up to $ 20.000 to a bachelors degree.   Social diversity   For us, diversity is not a goal a lifestyle and way of doing business.  Everyone can and does make a difference in our organization.  One of our principles HWWT2 believe in all people emphasizes the importance of actively seeking diversity in others and believe everyone has the potential to make a difference, training and support for the development of each person to make their full capacity.  This adds perspective and depth of what we do.  We also found that the various teams is to solve it, all the services our customers more efficiently and creates a rich culture for us all to enjoy.   Code of Conduct   YUM!  Brands, Inc (Yum) agrees to act in its business in the ethical, legal and social responsibility.  To ensure compliance with all laws and ethical business practices, Yum this Code of Conduct adopted by providers (the Code) for U.S. suppliers Yum (Suppliers).   Compliance with Laws and Regulations   Providers must comply with all laws, codes or regulations, including, without limitation, all applicable local, state or federal laws regarding wages and benefits, accidents, working hours, equal opportunity, worker and product safety.  Yum also expects that vendors in accordance with the standards of their practice in the industry.   Packaging and the Environment   KFC also for the environment, we focus on our food and our customers.  Learn more about the steps we have made in our environmental footprint and improving plans to reduce the front.   Program for Animal   Yum!  Brands, parent company of KFC, it was committed to humane treatment of animals.   YumBrands owns a restaurant, which by itself does not raise or transport animals.However, as the main purchaser of food, we have the opportunity and obligation to the way animals supplied to us will be considered influence.  We take this very seriously and we are monitoring our suppliers, the question is regulated in order to identify suppliers using humane procedures for the care and treatment of animals they supply to us.Accordingly, it is our goal, but not with suppliers who share our high standards to maintain our commitment to the welfare of animals involved transaction.   Position in modern society   McDonalds in the UK   McDonalds is the largest catering company in the world.  The company sees itself as the leading global food distribution.  With more than 30.000 restaurants every day, more than 47 million people in 121 countries, it is difficult to argue!  In 1974, McDonalds opened its first restaurant in the United Kingdom.  As at 31 December 2001, operates McDonalds and its franchisees in 1184 restaurants in the UK.   KFC in the United Kingdom   Current market situation KFC   KFC, a restaurant in the worlds leading chicken, it was up to 9000 jobs in the UK, Ã…â€Å"150-OE100E dollars invested in their field, which is to monitor the opening 200 new stores -300.   In the next three to five years will create up to 9000 new jobs KFC across the country with special emphasis on the north of England and South Wales.  New jobs will be several opportunities for people of all ages and abilities cooks Manager.   Customers tend to choose a restaurant, they eat less, depending on the quality, speed and variety of elements.  KFC customers are very price sensitive and go elsewhere if it is not necessary to find a value price.  You can also people who want to be served quickly and will be characterized by the restaurant as soon as possible.   Market share   KFC has a long history and recognize the best mark in the chicken with more than 50% market share.  It is difficult for companies like Sub, McDonalds, Chicken Planet, Dixie, or those at the fast food market in force.   With more than 50% market share in the KFC fast-food industry is recognized worldwide and global sales for many years in Pakistan and gain market share in the philosophy of Pakistan takes the field.   Conclusion   Depending on the outcome of this appointment, I can conclude its better than KFC in the UK based McDonalds.  Increased range of products.  To include more variety to choose from, more deserts, and other items such as pizza McPuff.  It should continue to provide better service and faster.  With the lower supply chain costs are so that they contribute to cost reduction.   MCD is ready to extend its Happy Meal choices to win and retain customers, and may also McCafees introduction of gourmet and specialty coffees and other drinks and other foods such as cakes, cookies, etc.  in the existing McDonalds.  Focus training on gifts for all the young generations, children, especially older people who are totally new concept. MCD should Shares offered during the festival. You should increase the space for spaces birthday and to try to college festival sponsor.   After analyzing the marketing mix from McDonalds, it is clear that the company, as a global, ie  combination of elements of globalization and internationalization can be described.  McDonalds have achieved this by applying the principle think globally, act locally  

Margaret Sanger’s Planned Parenthood Essay -- Exploratory Essays

Margaret Sanger’s Planned Parenthood During a time in which white supremacy was being challenged by an ever-increasing African population, a woman named Margaret Sanger â€Å"sought to purify America’s breeding stock and purge America’s bad stains† (Planned Parenthood). She set out to establish the American Birth Control League, which eventually became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA). Sanger’s actions provoked much controversy because at the time not only was contraception illegal in the United States, but it was denounced by almost every major religious denomination (Contraception History). Margaret Sanger set out on a mission to overcome first the church and then the state in order to â€Å"stop bringing to birth children whose inheritance cannot be one of health or intelligence,† (Planned Parenthood) and to impact women’s sexual freedom. Margaret Sanger’s first order of business in her attempt to claim women’s rights to sexual freedom was to alter the church’s thoughts and ideals regarding the use of contraception. In 1916, when she began her revolutionary crusade, contraception was not only condemned by the Catholic Church, but by many sects of Christianity. After much effort, the year 1930 brought success to Margaret Sanger and her cohorts. It was at this point that the Church of England accepted the use of contraception in certain circumstances, and only between married couples (Contraception History). This victory by Sanger and her organization, Planned Parenthood, was followed by a wave of acceptance among many denominations for contraceptive use among married couples, and then among single adults. The aftermath of Sanger’s efforts influenced much of the world to changing i... ... links to other resources in English as well as Spanish. http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/ipff.htm This site provides the specific history of Planned Parenthood and provides a timeline of when involvement began in different countries across the world. It also includes the names of those on the various boards and commissions within the organization, and for what each is responsible. http://www.conservativebeacon.com/essays/Other/planned_parenthood.html This site provides an interesting comparison between Margaret Sanger and Adolf Hitler, implying that each was a white supremacist in search of ensuring the continuance of white domination. http://dianedew.com/sanger.htm This site provides quotes from Margaret Sanger herself, on many various subjects such as: blacks, adultery, abortion, and her own personal goals.

Small Classrooms :: Education Teaching Essays

Small Classrooms One of the things that many teachers at Grace Dunn Middle School complain about is the large number of students they have in each class. Likewise, I face this situation in my classes; and since the start of observation there have been a few more additions, thereby making one class twenty-five in total. There are disadvantages for teachers and students in large classes; yet schools, especially in urban districts, still allow them. Although not all large class sizes signify poor academic and social performance, classes with students that are at-risk or classified cannot provide them with proper education and attention. However, in small classrooms, teachers have better management and use more interactive teaching approaches; and students perform academically higher and exhibit positive social skills. Thus, smaller class sizes with less than fifteen students provide a healthier learning environment than those with twenty or more. There are three major factors in smaller classes that allow teachers to better help students. Because of the reduction in class size, classroom management is easier and less time consuming. Smaller classes ensure that students have less of an opportunity to misbehave because teachers can monitor them more closely. Thus, teachers do not have to focus their class time on classroom management but rather on studentsf learning. Since student misbehavior is less problematic, smaller classes yield more time for teachers to develop their learning activities and concentrate on their teaching strategies (Handley 2). On the other hand, with larger classes, teachers spend less direct interaction with students and also tolerate more noises in their classes (Finn 22). For example, in my class of twenty-five, the task of handing out and collecting papers wastes time that can be used for instruction. Thus, classes often fall behind schedule because of these minor tasks that are time consuming . In addition, there are more direct interaction between the teacher and students. There is less competition between students for the teacherfs attention when there are fewer students in the class because with fewer students, the teacher can provide more attention for each student (Finn 18). Thus, teachers can create more student-oriented learning activities. For example, class discussions are more effective in smaller classrooms because students are more engaging and more likely to volunteer (Meier 109, Finn 18). In addition, individual students ask more questions because they are familiar with each other, and it also gives each student more time to speak (Handley 2).

The Standard Of Quality In Vietnamese Primary School Education Essay

Education has ever been an of import issue for all states at all times. Primary instruction is a basic status to better peoples knowledge. The original base is really of import to develop kids to go good citizens of the state. Many undertakings have been conducted to analyze the learning responsibilities of instructors, installations, instructional stuffs. Cipher can deny the importance of instruction but how to better the quality in instruction is another job. There are many facets to measure the instruction system from the societal factors, national, the instructor ‘s pedagogical ability, module, installations, substructure or the ability to comprehension and involvement of students. There are 1000s ground make instruction more of import such as the manner individual behaviour, the manner they talk, thinks, do everything, is successful key to open future door. Nowadays, companies, workss, infirmary, schoolsaˆÂ ¦ used practical scientific discipline, high engineering and besides requires staffs with high cognition. Education is non merely the lessons in school but besides practical lessons from life. Primary school ‘s instruction is a necessary portion which is the most of import and basic to take to the higher cognition. Hanoi is capital of Vietnam, where integrate economic, cultural, and policy with other state. It make the preparation procedure to make high rational people become an highly pressing job which requires many factors and one of them is the criterion of quality in Vietnamese Primary school. The criterion is assessed through students ‘ criterions, criterion of instructors and possible fiscal. Many people attribute the quality of learning from instructors, installation conditions, the instruction system†¦ But in my personal sentiment the comprehension and the interesting of topics are the job should be addressed. Normally, when the kids from school go back, the parents frequently ask them â€Å" how many Markss did you acquire? † Or â€Å" today what did the instructor Tell at school? † but taking attention and educating the kids are the duty of the full society, non the merely of the school. But criterion of students besides depends on many other factors such as the involvement of the household for the kid ‘s acquisition, the kid ‘s physical, ability to grok and private nature of the kid, or the investing and policy of societal. Education is extremely valued in Vietnamese society and the authorities ever regards instruction as a beginning of direct investing for the hereafter. First precedence has been set to supply basic instruction for all kids and instruction / preparation on the basic rate for kids who meet the entry demands. Every state has it ain alone and jobs. We can non copy the success plans from one topographic point and use them to another topographic point. Vietnam needs to develop plans and their content based on which Vietnam and based on the existent conditions of the installations in your state.2.2 Research QuestionsThis research analyze what factor did impact the criterion of primary schools. This research will lend a portion to assist Vietnamese Primary schools in Hanoi more develop in quality of instruction. Research inquiries: What are Vietnamese students ‘ criterions in Primary schools? What issues do consequence to quality criterions in Vietnamese Primary school?2.3 Objective of ResearchTo mensurate the criterions of students in Vietnamese schools To place the issues affected Vietnamese Primary school ‘s quality criterions.3. Literature ReappraisalConcept of choice standard definition in Primary school There are many different constructs of quality criterions such as assessed by the survey consequences, the ability to use their cognition in pattern, general cognition, It is must corroborate foremost that Vietnam is really focussed on instruction particularly for paediatric ages. Harmonizing to Law Education Elementary Schools passed by the National Assembly on 06.30.1991, Vietnam to implement policy compulsory primary instruction from grade 1 to rate 5 for all Vietnamese kids aged 6 to 14 old ages. For pupils start in 1st class ‘s age and degree of apprehension of the pupils are the same. Presently, simple school students have to take 11 faculties with degree 3, 4, 5 and with flat 1st and 2nd are 6 faculties. In the Vietnamese school, students must hold to develop all facet, such as Knowledge – Ethic – Artistic – Physical. Harmonizing to the Vietnamese Ministry of Education is pupil must run into the undermentioned standards: First, Vietnamese grade degree is 10 and students must accomplish norm above 5.Secondly, moralss must be reviews above centrist ( the moral evaluation: good, just, moderate, weak, and hapless ) . In 2000, Viet Nam has achieved national criterions of literacy and primary instruction. From the 2002-2003, the grownup literacy rate in the 15-24 age group was about 95 % , the mean figure of old ages of schooling of the population reached 7.3 old ages ( Nguyen, et Al. 2005 ) Assess criterion of quality of Vietnamese school in Hanoi. There are many criterions to measure criterion of quality in Vietnamese school such as high-quality criterions school ( must run into the criterions that the Vietnamese Ministry of Education demands ) . These schools are accepted high-quality criterions must run into the undermentioned standards: Teachers have to extremely choice criterion, survey consequences of students are high, fiscal resources or otherwise is installations and substructure criterions ( Nguyen, V.C.,2012 ) . There are all instructors have trained standard makings as prescribed, 100 % of instructors with appropriate makings for learning topics, in which at least 30 % of instructors were recognized municipal criterions. There are dropout rate and no more than 6 % one-year repeats, in which the dropout rate does non transcend 1 % . Students with outstanding accomplishments 3 % or more, rather accomplishing a 35 % or more, sort of weak, less than 5 % . Behavioral graded really good, good at 80 % or more, sort of weak no more than 2 % †¦ And last but non least are installations and equipment to run into the instruction demands. Measure the quality criterion of Vietnamese Primary school in Hanoi Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam, with a population around 6,561,900 people. The studies shown in September 2012 showed overload in primary schools. In many schools have the mean registration of each category of about 40-60 students. Although, sum of cognition that pupils get in primary schools in Hanoi are extremely appreciated, a figure of pupils base on balls more than 99 % , figure of students with first-class academic public presentation and good more than 70 % . Every twelvemonth Hanoi has pupils participate in the international competition and won the award as mathematics, art and music. Harmonizing to the Vietnamese Ministry of Education have 5,912 primary schools, but a figure of primary schools in Hanoi are merely 556 public schools and over 200 private primary schools. Harmonizing to Vu, V ( 2012 ) in which have 267 primary schools run intoing the national criterion schools. Dr. Hamid Chachoua, LIG Research Institute, University of Grenoble 1 – France has had treatments with the VietNamNet about Mathematics he said on the position of a mathematician, he found mathematics instruction in Vietnam is an first-class instruction in footings of mathematics content being taught in schools.4. Research ModelEvery state, in every part or even in different periods will necessitate different criterions of instruction such as in states are faced with war, dearth, or disease, if require for all kids have to cognize how to read and compose is a hard. Research theoretical account: from the practical and larn more experience from other state.4.1 Standards of studentsFirst, we will discourse about the making of students. Primary instruction in Vietnam includes five degrees. When the kids entered primary school is when kids begin to update the new information, the basic cognition to the demands tougher. That clip, the kids reasonably active and their logical statements are immature, but the ability to absorb really rapidly and wonder help them ever longed to cognize more new information. Learning in kindergarten and acquisition in primary schools is really different. In Primary Schools, kids get an sum of cognition bigger than in kindergarten. Harmonizing to Vietnamese parlance is â€Å" The first measure is ever the hardest measure † , Children before come ining simple school are a wellness cheque, believing ability, IQ†¦ so they are qualified kid physically, mentally and intellectually to analyze. The secondly is their cognition, and past experience. Both of them, the cognition and past experience are merely few. In kindergarten, they were larning Numberss, the alphabet, simple computations but with reading and make math are rather job. Whereas keeping of kids really rapidly, they are easy to copy or sensitive to new things. They should be more witting in their acquisition, and is responsible for finishing the undertakings of lesson. Through five degrees, these kids have the basic cognition to go on on their manner to derive new cognition as luggage for their hereafter. Last, criterions of pupil rating precisely the most is the students graduated. They are students who finish their class and they are equipped with the basic cognition that have plenty knowledge to go on analyzing at the secondary schools, understanding of society, can self-face and manage hard state of affairss. They are people who clearly reflect the quality of their school. Knowledge in Primary Schools is the first tool will follow them throughout their lives from secondary school, high school, college, university and even when they go to work. The marks are the student ‘s ratio who banned from school every twelvemonth, the student ‘s ratio graduated wants to analyze in this school, the students ratio graduated with high accomplishment, the student ‘s ratio who can utilize adept English, the student ‘s ratio who can utilize fluently computing machine, per centum of students achieved the national award or in the universe.4.2 Teachers ‘ criterionHarmoniz ing to Nguyen, TA. ( 2008 ) , teacher is one in 3 most of import elements will act upon school ‘s quality. Teachers must hold good category direction accomplishments, expertness and pedagogical cognition every bit good as good communicating accomplishments. Primary school instructors should be people with many accomplishments, in add-on professional capableness must be knowing of the assorted countries such as cognition of societal psychological science of kids and immature near. Regularly, the instructors update the new cognition, construct lesson programs, course of study to do exhilaration for lessons. Teachers to use new engineering in talks and cite the paperss in the domestic every bit good as foreign. Harmonizing to Dang, H. ( 2001 ) quality instructors can be formed in many different ways, including preparation, retraining of cognition, that is an of import function. Therefore, the first in edifice and better the quality of instructors start from the attention of the preparation, retraining and lives of instructors. Over the old ages, preparation and retraining of instructors has been interested and have changed. The type of preparation and retraining as long-run and short-run with a batch of content in conformity with the different capable instructors. However, besides these consequences, the preparation and retraining of some defects, the quality of the instruction after preparation and retraining still have certain restrictions. Ministry of Education is doing sensible accommodations in order to better the quality of instruction. Harmonizing to Pham, H. ( 1999 ) Vietnam ‘s instruction system has been strengthened, construct pedagogical schools, train instructors who have high quality, and passion with their occupation. Presently, most of the primary school instructors are qualified, high pedagogical cognition, good communicating accomplishments and enthusiasm with instruction. However, the wage of primary school instructors is low. The Ministry of Education is sing to the instructor ‘s salary is increased. In position of Roberd L, L. ( 2008 ) criterions for competent instructor in educational appraisal of students.4.3 Fiscal resources and investing financessThe ability of finance and investing financess are the factors that straight affect the substructure, installations and instruction tools. Infrastructure and instruction tools is ever one of the most importance factors affected standard schools. First of all, budget affected stuff installations in school. In Viet Nam, the stuff installations prepare for learning in school is non plenty, sketchy and outdated. The Numberss of students is step-up every twelvemonth but the Numberss of public archpriest schools and private archpriest schools do non look to alter. Because budget expends for instruction is non plenty, and need attending of authorities, whole societal, and domestic and foreign givers. Furthermore, fiscal besides influence research scientific discipline and talk. Furthermore limited investing cost could take hapless material installation ( Nguyen, 2006 ) . As mentioned above, the mean wage of primary school instructors are rather low, largely is little budget. Teacher ‘s wage is excessively low is one of the causes of late twelvemonth ‘s pupils of teaching method rate decreased significantly, and affect hard to happen instructors who have high degree in learning accomplishments. Ability to finance and investing financess influence entire cost for learning and acquisition, entire cost for library, Numberss of book and paperss review on each instructor and student, figure of room and furniture, projectors, speakersaˆÂ ¦ make criterion. Harmonizing to Le ( 2010 ) computing machine systems use for acquisition and instruction, web system supports for larning and learning and use more advanced cognition, experiences in the universe.5. Research MethodologiesThere are three the ways used in research methods ( Sherri L. Jakson 2011 ) . The first is descriptive in nature ; the 2nd is prognostic in nature and the last 1 is explanatory in nature. There are two methods to back up the research which are inductively and deductively. Harmonizing to Veal ( 2005 ) each research can treat in one method or two methods depend on the practical state of affairss and issues to be studied. Inductive usage theory, that was publish but deductive usage hypothesis base from informations.5.1 Qualitative researchHarmonizing to Hussey and Hussey ( 1997 ) research methodological analysiss have two rules, which are qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative have basic in the realistic. Almost all qualitative research workers influence, explain or construe some different signifier. The qualitative researches are used explicating and existent observations with the purpose of developing a theory. Harmonizing to Isadore and Carolyn, ( 1988 ) this theory will construe what were experienced. Besides Veal ‘s sentiments, the methods used to roll up information are observation, formal, informal, part icipant observation and in-depth interviewing.5.2 Quantitative researchQuantitative research is the positive doctrines. Most of quantitative research attacks use to stress what are a existent common and what everybody can hold, despite they have theoretical differences. The quantitative research attacks are used when get down a theory or get down a hypothesis. This manner checks to corroborate or disconfirm to turn out that hypothesis is right or wrong ( Isadore and Carolyn, 1988 ) . Harmonizing to Veal ( 2005 ) the information collect studies, from questionnaire-based, and from secondary beginnings.5.3 Proposed Research MethodsIn this survey usage deductive and quantitative applies. There are two package will be used, those are SPSS ( Statistical Package for societal Science ) and Excel. SPSS and Excel will be used to analysis the informations after roll uping respondents and the study questionnaires.6 Collection of informations6.1 Secondary informationsHarmonizing to Boyce ( 2002 ) , secondary Data is considered as figures and a fact. Secondary informations already exist and can be available for everybody who wants to utilize them for the single intent of each individual. They may be of import information depend on a peculiar portion or research. Secondary informations provide basic information for illustration when demand to seek information for a undertaking program. Background information will assist clearly the research and easy understand the responsibilities with more clearly and deep. The research workers will hard to place what are cogency and dependability without secondary informations. They are ever cheaper and easier available than primary informations.6.2 Primary informationsEqually far as Kerin ( et al, 2003 ) if research workers need facts and figures are freshly collected, they have to utilize primary informations. All most researches use primary informations which are cod by study, depth interviews and focal point groups. They interview a bi g Numberss of participants and necessitate them reply the questionnaires, that is a simple manner to hold information and make a study. In undertakings require focal point groups or depth interviews but do n't necessitate more people, merely a little of participants but have to carefully selected ( Boyce, 2002 ) . Primary informations are ever more expensive and take longer clip if comparison with secondary informations.6.3 Sample size of Primary DataIn the undertaking assess the sample size is really of import and necessary. Basically, progressively gather every bit much information as possible and they will do the truth in your research higher. The primary informations in this survey will selected from more than 500 study respondents. They are students, parents, instructors and related people who willing joint study. In which over 75 % of study will be answered and fill in the questionnaires by traveling to face-to-face meetings, telephone interviews and other will complete questi onnaire and direct back by electronic mail.7. Method of Data AnalysisAs writer Bryman and Bell ( 2007 ) survey by the information analysis is indispensable. Statistically analyzed informations are required and informations analysis helps to see whether the hypotheses which were created have been supported.8. Presentation of dissertationaˆ?Show this thesis is the procedure of information figures, graphs and tabular arraies. Furthermore, it will be supported by composing, study and readers.9. Ethical IssuesEthical motives issues are to the appropriate of the research ‘s behaviour in relation to the rights of those who become the topic of the research or are affected by it ( Golafshani, 2012 ) . Ethical concerns may be occurred at all phases of undertaking and all undertakings: When seeking entree During informations aggregation As informations are analyzed And when studies are written10. ResourcesAll the resources in this research are collected from: – EASB library – Singapore national library – Wiley Online Library – Internet. – UWIC e-library – Vietnam national library11. Table agendas12. DecisionPrimary instruction is the most of import job and it refers to the most hard occupation is to develop people, preparation of human resources for the future society. As society moves, airss major undertaking for instruction. Vietnam ‘s instruction should be â€Å" sheding † . Three old educational reforms are related to the political convulsion. This clip, Vietnam is pitching up to do the end that is going an industrialised state in 2020 and modern industry in 2050, progressively integrated into the universe. Perform two aims must foremost run into human development ends. A meaningful instruction is geared towards a better hereafter, more civilizable. Leader Ho Chi Minh reminded â€Å" For the interest of 10 old ages to works trees, for the intent of hundred old ages to works people † . The concerns of day-to-day instruction can be found present in all mass media plenty to see how of import issues. Lawyer Nguyen, V.T ( 2006 ) , packaged his all concerns in a sentence â€Å" A bad physician killed a patient, a bad officer, will kill a squad, but a bad instructor will kill a coevals † . Possibly so, the lifelong of people struggle to do money, in add-on to take care their lives, they frequently have the biggest desire that is the following coevals of kids and have more learning chances. Richest planet foreman Bill Gates has done, the less money people to make the same and destitute people besides would wish to make it.

Economics, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development

A bustling mall with Christmas shoppers, a hearty Christmas meal served with wine and epicurean meals, and Christmas gifts galore under the tree, brand new cars for gifts and other high priced consumer gifts are a healthy sign of economic growth. Basically, they were available thanks to a robust economy supported by plentiful jobs enhancing the lifestyles. Economic growth is the byproduct of economic development. That is to say, economic development starts with enhancing aspects of economic composites such as industry, real estate, and factories. When all the underpinnings are working efficiently like a well-greased machinery, high output results to economic growth directly evident in the form of high living, high consumerism, and affluent society. Economic growth is one political trump card that catapults a presidential aspirant to the White House, possibly after having pandered on the voters appeal with a rosy economic picture, but only to be busted soon as put in the position. Because the economy is as volatile as our behavior, interestingly enough, to bring about sustaining economic growth, what is needed is what is called â€Å"applied intelligence† (Wanniski) in practical sense as Hitler did employing bright minds managers that helped solve mass unemployment plaguing his regime. Sustained economic development is achievable, if hope and incentives can be provided, (Leisinger). Economics, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development Question 2: Explain the causes of and solutions to environmental degradation in general. We are at a critical period confronted by a big dilemma that of maintaining our own survival as a species in the highest totem pole of biological hierarchy. Studies after studies have established that we are our own threat. This is an unfortunate reality that sustaining our prodigious population, exponentially growing, is paradoxically pushing us out of existence. Our very needs to support our life have caused severe degradation on our ecosystem. On this endeavor alone, it is said that each individual requires 1600 calories per day, and more, just to fuel other of our vital activities, such as recreation, writing, going on vacation, to name a few. Since our sustenance comes from food, keeping us well fed requires that agriculture be stepped up with the demand. In so doing, the soil has suffered grave depletion of nutrients, and fertilizer is introduced to the rescue, but ultimately found has its own caustic effect on the environment. More spaces are being carved out from the forests to grow more food, get wood for lumber and cooking. This activity has introduced the problem of deforestation negatively manifesting in soil erosion, flooding, depletion of oxygen, endangerment of our flora and fauna that are vital to the natural balance. Toxic gas is emitted from using wood for cooking, rampant among the third world countries. Combined with combustions from factories, power plants, and cars, the build up of pollution in the atmosphere creates a phenomenon called global warming. Weather becomes more wacky and wicked descending on land in the form of catastrophic magnitude typhoons, hurricanes, tornado, and drought. We’ve felt the force of Katrina, devastations in the south by tornadoes, perpetual drought in Ethiopia and other African countries, and devastating typhoons in Asia. Our ozone layer is thinning out exposing us to more radiation from the sun. â€Å"That the high use of aerosols in Australia is said to cause droughts in Ethiopia† (Rotstayn). In summation, what scientists have found out is a colossus of a problem expressed in the following: (EPA) Studies using the ‘ecological footprint’ formula show that if everyone in the world consumed resources at the same rate as people in the richest countries, humans would need at least three planet Earths to support everyone. Like any other problems, environmental degradation begs for solution, what for a magnitude such as we face now? While ideas may differ, scientists are very much united in voicing out that we need for us to change our ways, i. e. abits, thinking, and acts. We need to be highly aware and conscious that we are the biggest generator of problem that can destroy our one and only home planet Earth. It makes it imperative to abandon the old thinking system that our earth is infinite and so whatever we do, it has an ability to absorb and continue to adapt and evolve for us. Instead, the popular preaching is that we need, firstly, to change, do whatever log ically is necessary to biologically fit into the natural scheme of things. Economics, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development ) What are the biggest problems associated with population growth? Which solutions are currently and potentially effective? Answers must include citations from Garrett Hardin`s Tragedy of the Commons. (I will upload this article. ) As man like the fictional spaceship Enterprise proceeds merrily in its destiny-led travels, great many things have occurred on its wake. Foremost is the concomitant increase in population without a clear sight whether it is heading to infinity or finiteness resulting from its own obsolete moral bearings and perhaps to its own extinction as a species. Garrett Hardin, a moral scientist in his essay The Tragedy of Commons has discussed in length about humanity’s direction leading to disaster without a full awareness of nature’s biological make up as the governing power over everything, including the most intelligent creature mankind. The un-curved human population growth has now forced itself into the human scene, big, magnified, and digitalized, it is hard to ignore the magnitude of the problem. Associated in the population growth is the problem facing mankind sustainability of itself in the hierarchy, as it derives support from the ecosystem. To support the burgeoning population, mankind, in the process, depletes the natural resources around needed to sustain its own life. That is, natural fauna and flora habitats are harmed irreversibly. Mankind left supporting its own priorities for materialism and un-tempered freedom is proving to be the greatest human folly, a grave shortsightedness with a devastating end. The beauty that Hardin’s thoughts come in the provoking curtailing measures by which to ensure the perpetual existence of humanity, perhaps even beyond a cataclysmic biological attack. Mankind, he says, must do some minding. Solution he espouses to solve Economics, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development population growth is the necessary and urgent change in morality, no longer the prudent Puritanical canons of morality closest to Eucharistic ad infinitum ordinance of multiplication. On the other hand, â€Å"necessity to abandon the freedom to breed†¦only so, we can put an end to this aspect of the tragedy of commons,† (Hardin) is the urgent call of the times. Economics, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development 4) Compare and contrast three different methodologies used to monetize environmental benefits. Under which circumstances is each appropriate? In the studies of ecosystem and environmental services, three forms of methodologies are used with similar focus and dissimilar applications. All three are used to estimate the economic use or non use value of certain ecosystem or recreational sites in varying degrees. The Contingent Valuation Method is widely used, and very suitable to estimate the non use or use of remote ecosystems and environmental services. This method obtains valuation contingent on the answers that people give to direct questions asked, versus being observed, which characterizes its weakness and strength, and it is notoriously a costly method. The Hedonic Pricing Method is used in estimating the economic values of ecosystem and environmental services as it affects the market prices. Basically, the method obtains estimate in real figure how much people would want to pay for some enhanced changes in goods or services. For instance, offered access, addition or elimination of a recreational area, improving the quality of a certain recreational site. Another is the Travel Pricing Method. Obtained data based on the actual trip and cost incurred by visitors to see a particular site as validating factor to its economic use value. This method is fairly less expensive and much simpler than the other two. (http://www. ecosystemvaluation. org/travel_costs. htm Economics, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development 5) In what situations is cost-effectiveness analysis most useful? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this methodology? How is it conducted? In every research, cost factor is a big consideration. Researching on situations where the economic nonuse value is being determined, cost effective methods is proving most useful. Contingent Valuation Method known for its high cost is used to weigh between the values of protecting wild species vs. pening the land for commercialization such as for lease. Empirical use of the method has been used in the following studies: Mono Lake Project research is undertaken to know how much water will be provided to Los Angeles coming from sources feeding the Mono Lake, and any decrease would impact the nesting birds in the lake. A study conducted by the Federal Regu latory Commission wanted to resolve the issue of allowing more water to the recreation areas, with a consequential reduction of available water to produce hydropower. The Bureau of Reclamation and National Park Service conducted the study plan and determine how rafters are affected in their recreational activity during the even base flow and the low peak flow. Whether protecting the endangered fish denizens of the Four Corners’ Region is economically beneficial considering the meticulous maintenance, for instance, providing fish passageways and simulated natural flows from the dam essential for the fish survival is the correct project to pursue was the objective of the study. The Salmon Restoration Economics, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development tudy basically wants to determine if destroying two dams that offer no conduit for salmon to jump over to its upstream spawning ground would be a beneficial undertaking, Economics, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development to realize a threefold increase in salmon migration after the demolition costs of the dam between $100-125 million. Advantages of Contingent Valuation Method are its high flexibility to apply to studies on many kinds of non market goods and services, non use or use economic values; existence values, and bequest values; data are easier to describe and analyze; and the method is under constant improvement. The downside of the method are the inherent high cost; skepticism whether it is measuring exactly the people’s attitude to pay for having upgraded the environment; that questions tend to be bias, incomplete, unrealistic; validating the estimates on nonuse values are difficult to do empirically; expensive to conduct because it requires longer time doing the pretests and surveys; and last, its results are not considered reliable by many, including economists, jurists and policy makers. When using the CVM method, it is imperative that a very competent surveyor to handle the survey plan and implementation for reliable data to result, given the many issues surrounding the validity of the method. (http://www. ecosystemvaluation. org/travel_costs. htm) Economics, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development 6) How would you evaluate a CVM study to determine its credibility? Look at all the design variables in detail. Considering the inherent questionable nature of the method, a researcher should initially be highly aware of its inadequacy as a reliable method, and thus improve its chances of getting credible results. Make sure that the survey is well designed and subjected to pretests before implementation. Ask focused and specific questions, preferably giving no leeway for misinterpretation in the minds of the respondents, making the services from the setting distinct and clear. Beforehand, obtain the population’s overall knowledge about the good or service, then select the appropriate survey sample. Depict the event picture using photographs, videos, descriptions personally conveyed, and in multi-media. Ask focused and specific questions to respondents to get clear and valid answers back. Demography of the population should be exact, and validate the questions to ensure clarity is achieved, and ensure that the results are evaluated and interpreted by professionals. Economics, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development 7) What are the four prevalent hyposeses on the cause of world hunger? Explain all four in detail and give your own opinion on the validity of each. Global Scarcity World hunger is so prevalent a condition in countless countries, and it remains according to WHO, â€Å"the major health risk globally. † (Vanderslice). Global food scarcity is occurring primarily because of an unabated population growth. The world population now at 6. 6 billion, statistically and logically, this size of population is un-proportionate to the methods and technology, at present, being used to produce the material sources to sustain this enormous numbers of people. Another parody of the situation is the fact that most density of population is centered in the third world countries, devoid of technological know-how to adequately supply the people. In my opinion Global food scarcity is a hypothesis that is assumptive and prescient. It is said that with the present food production of the industrialized countries combined, it can feed the worlds’ people. While that maybe true, but empirically, we can only see for ourselves the limitations that overpopulation can cause to the environment that sustains it. Land could not be simply used to produce foods, because it has other utilization for houses, grazing land, agriculture, dump, recreation, and other life essentials. 70 percent of the globe is water, and while human ingenuity can develop it for accommodation space, the effect of humungous population remains a doomsday scenario for human species without a sensible, biological plan. Economics, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development Distribution of food resources At present, majority of food is produced with high efficiency in the western world, among the highly agricultural countries with advanced technologies. Though supply is in overabundance, but sending them to the needy countries is as much costly than to produce it. It is reported Great Britain has massive food wastage, precious commodity that can augment life to the starving communities, such as in Africa. But without the additional source of money to fund the transportation cost, the food lay wasted. Without doubt this is happening with food dumped in garbage bins of America. The lopsided situation in food production causes the inadvertent distribution problem, and grave malnutrition among the needy people. 80% poor peoples just consume 14% of the goods worldwide. (Shah). As stated beforehand that cost of distribution is another aspect of hunger problem. Food distribution problem indeed is huge. An attestation that NGOs such as Feed the Children, a worldwide nonprofit organization, actively solicits donations towards food distribution cost Natural Causes When factored in, weather is a whimsical variable in the food production equation. Just about yearly, reports of destruction and devastation occur from regions of the world from natural forces of the weather. Be it abnormal amount of rain, snow, wind, hot temperature and the agriculture easily gets destroyed, registering negative storage facilities to deflect a local or bigger size climate aberration on its food impact on the amount of harvest. Mostly hard hit, are the impoverished nations who lack Economics, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development production. Thus, easily, hunger sets in to affect a mass of people. Weather is a realistic phenomena exhibited by nature. Who could doubt the excessive force weather exhibits at its full force. We have heard and seen the tsunami occurring in Asia and some parts of the globe; onslaught of Katrina in America; and the perpetual drought in Africa. Thus far, there is no known technology that could stop its destructive force except for forecasts that save lives, and nothing to protect the agriculture left open in the fields. Inefficient food production Faddish diets are in, and this causes food production to swing where most consumption is, motivated by financial gain. Diets are of all kinds, and causing confusion to the many. There are those that desist grain-based diets who are abstaining from carbohydrates. While those who sustains on animal products for more protein, consumes more milk, chicken, eggs, and lean meat. Some cultures consume nothing but vegetable diets. For any shift or change in health style, results to a concomitant difference in raising and growing these foods. But regardless of the ways and means, still production remains strenuous to the environment. It is not what is being grown, rather it is the rate of consumption that I believe most affective, and thereby registers negative impact on the environment. What faddish diets demands to produce, has a continuing strain on the environment. If the diet is heavy on animal products, then more animals needs to be Economics, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development raised, and producing them entails, in many respects, costly means such as more farmland to sustain great numbers of herds. From all these hypotheses, the scenario remains that man has to eat and maintaining that appetite and health demands is what strains the ecosystem to the max.